Who’s Out There?—Life May Be Rare After All4 min read

I’ve been reading THE VITAL QUESTION by Nick Lane, New York, W. W. Norton, 2015. In this book author Nick Lane, biochemist at University
College, London, defines in exacting logic where life may have begun on Earth, why archaea and bacteria got stuck “… at the bacterial level of
complexity for more than two billion years,” and why the jump to complex eukaryotic life, to critters like us, was made possible by difficult,
perhaps unique, endosymbiosis events—the engulfing of one microbe by another.

All this is of interest in our search for exolife. If we understood how life began on Earth, we would know better how to look for life elsewhere. The author goes into great detail describing the alkaline hydrothermal vents on Earth’s ocean floor. They most likely provided the ideal environment for harnessing the proton exchange required to get simple life started here. We would do well to learn more about those vents before we study possible life-starting environments on Europa, Titan, and Enceladus.

Lane points out that some earlier speculation about life’s beginning on Earth was based on misunderstanding of its ancient atmosphere. Recent
studies with zircon suggest that the early atmosphere was dominated by oxidised gases emanating from volcanoes, notably carbon dioxide, water
vapor, nitrogen gas and sulphur dioxide…It was not rich in gases conducive to organic chemistry—hydrogen, methane and ammonia.”

He points out that RNA is far too complex a molecule to start with. He stresses the need to consider the energy requirements of cellular and
genomic activity. He describes in detail the alkaline hydrothermal vents and how they could provide the gentle environment to get simple prokaryotic life (the archaea and bacteria) started.

Lane argues that all of us, every form of life on Earth except the archaea and bacteria, have complex cells called eukaryotes that include …essentially the same cellular machinery—”…a nucleus [with DNA]..a .nucleolus…histone proteins, chromosomes, capped with ‘telomeres’…’genes in pieces’…interspersed by…introns….Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, a nucleus, motor proteins, mitosis and meiosis…” He notes that “almost all the genes involved (those encoding…’signature proteins’) are not found in prokaryotes [the cells of bacteria and archaea.].”

As a result of endosymbiosis between simple organisms on a 2-billion-year-old Earth, cells that became complex eukaryotes now include the biomachinery listed above, plus endosymbionts: mitochondria or (later) chloroplasts (to make plants). Lane says, “…the singular
origin of complex life might have depended on their acquisition…” because this endosymbiosis provided energy efficiency. He explores in detail the bioenergetics that allowed our eukaryotic cells to conserve energy.

At the same time, free unused symbiotic mitochondrial genes must have looked around their host cell for something more useful or interesting
to do. Hence many of them experimented with light and many of us learned to see. We learned to utilize different kinds of food. Plant endosymbionts with chloroplasts took the extra genes and learned to use carbon dioxide to make leaves and bark. Eventually, some of us grew
legs, arms and brains.

The author does a masterful job of introducing and exploring critical questions. Why did the bacteria never evolve into more complex critters?
Perhaps they stayed stuck due to a “constrained structure” that limited their ability to capture energy. That was the trick the mitochondrial
symbionts provided. The resulting eukaryotes learned that “…proton gradients were central to the emergence of cells…”

Lane poses other questions about complex life. Is it really so rare—even here on Earth? Apparently, the energy provided by mitochondria, once
engulfed by ancient archaea and appropriated to become part of eukaryotic cells, only happened once in 4.5 billion years on Earth. He
shows how this endosymbiosis provided us eukaryotes with a huge energy advantage, leaving the bacteria and archaea to proliferate and fill the
Earth with ongoing success, unchanged. There are no missing links between them and us. That’s why Lane emphasizes the importance of this
singular event.

Lane enforces this view by noting that genome sequences of ancient protists like Giardia show that they are not missing links; they had lost their mitochondria by “reductive evolution.” Thus, “eukaryotes are monophyletic…plants, animals, algae, fungi and protists all share a common ancestor.” It’s the reason that all complex life on Earth contains the same biomachinery.

The uniqueness of complex life in the universe was suggested in Ward and Brownlee’s RARE EARTH. They give us many geologic and astronomic reasons why Earth lucked out in the effort to produce complex life. Now we have Lane’s bioenergetic arguments to add to our luck.

In Lane’s words: “…a synthesis of energy and evolution could be the basis for a more predictive biology…wherever it might exist in the universe.” In any case, his analysis of how Earth’s life might have started in alkaline hydrothermal vents is a dandy model for our exobiology searches. More on this tree-of-life-changing book next month.

—
Author of The Archives of Varok
The View Beyond Earth (Book 1.)
The Webs of Varok (Book 2.)
Nautilus Silver Award 2013 YA
ForeWord IBPA finalist 2012 adult SF
The Alien Effect (Book 3.)
An Alien’s Quest (Book 4. coming in 2016)

Excerpts, Synopses, Reviews, On Writing, Characters and More-
The Archives of Varok
Reviews of significant books- www.goodreads.com/Cary_Neeper
How the Hen House Turns- www.ladailypost.com
Complexity, Bio, Bibliography and Links- caryneeper.com
Astrobiology- astronaut.wpengine.com search:Who’s Out There

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Cary Neeper

Cary Neeper is an avid student of complexity theory, sustainability, steady-state economics, and the impact of cosmology on issues of science and religion. She grew up in the foothills of Hayward, California, where she helped rack dried fruit on her father’s 40-acre apricot ranch. After studying zoology/chemistry and religion at Pomona College and medical microbiology at the University of Wisconsin, she moved with her husband to northern New Mexico, where they raised their family. The Neepers still live in the Southwest with a friendly menagerie of dogs, fish, chickens, geese, ducks and a turkey called Little Bear. Cary plays string bass with local folk, symphony and jazz groups and tennis with local retired physicists. She paints landscapes in acrylics, including the cover art for her first Penscript title, The Webs of Varok.

Cary's first novel and Webs of Varok prequel A Place Beyond Man was originally published in 1975 by Charles Scribner’s Sons, Dell, and Millington, London. Cary re-released A Place Beyond Man as an Author’s Guild Backinprint edition, now available from online booksellers. Its themes of sustainability and interspecies cooperation have now grown into new adventures for its human, elll and varok family as they travel the alternate 21st century Solar System in the five-volume Archives of Varok, coming from Penscript Publishing House in 2012–2014. Cary’s other works include two musical science fiction comedies “U.F.F.D.A.!” and “Petra and the Jay,” as well as newspaper and magazine articles, essays, short stories, and book reviews for The Christian Science Monitor.

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